The nervous system represents time-dependent signals in sequences of discrete action potentials or spikes, all spikes are identical so that information is carried only in the spike arrival times.
A scientific paper by Steven P. Strong, Roland Koberle, Rob R. de Ruyter van Steveninck, and William Bialek
-NEC Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey
-Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
Shannon mutual information provides a measure of how much information is, on average, contained in a set of neural activities about a set of stimuli. It has been extensively used to study neural coding in different brain areas. To apply a similar approach to investigate single stimulus encoding, the authors need to introduce a quantity specific for a single stimulus.
A scientific paper by Michele Bezzi
Accenture Technology Labs, Sophia Antipolis, France
An article on Expectation Maximization Theory, taken from the book “Biometric Authentication: A Machine Learning Approach”.
The article/book-chapter addresses a data-clustering algorithm, called the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, when complete or partial information of observed data is made available.
The book is written by M.W. Mak, S.Y. Kung, S.H. Lin. and the sample chapter is provided courtesy of Prentice Hall PTR. / Jan 3, 2005.
The term cluster analysis (first used by Tryon, 1939) encompasses a number of different algorithms and methods for grouping objects of similar kind into respective categories. A general question facing researchers in many areas of inquiry is how to organize observed data into meaningful structures, that is, to develop taxonomies. In other words cluster analysis is an exploratory data analysis tool which aims at sorting different objects into groups in a way that the degree of association between two objects is maximal if they belong to the same group and minimal otherwise. Given the above, cluster analysis can be used to discover structures in data without providing an explanation/interpretation. In other words, cluster analysis simply discovers structures in data without explaining why they exist.
A simple tutorial on clustering & clustering techniques by Statsoft
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IEEE Spectrum Biomedical
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